Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry

Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry Agricultural Climate Adaptation plan:  A Case Study of Pakistan wheat industry Lubna Naz 1.0  Introduction 1.1 Global warming as a result of climate change is projecting higher temperature and unpredicted rainfall pattern coupled with extreme events like flash floods and storm. This never seen before phenomena would be a threat to mankind in all sphere of life if no appropriate actions are taken. As elaborated in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of IPCC (2007), the average temperature of the globe has risen to 0.6 °C between the year 1901 to 2000 and will projected to increase more by 1.8-3.4  °C by the end of this century. 1.2 Agriculture among the various sector of the economy of Pakistan is considered to be the most fragile sector to the unexpected changes in the climate that not only affect the amount of its production and quality but also put pressure on the availability of natural resources needed for the development of agriculture sector. Concurrently, wheat being an important agricultural industry for the economy of Pakistan is not spared from the effects of climate change. As a matter of concern, it is fundamental for all associates of the industry together with policy and decision makers to work out an adaptation strategy on how to overcome the negative impact of climate change and continue to remain a competitive sector. Successful and effective adaptation measures will need both strategic and tactical approach that based on best practices to cope with the adverse effect of climate change. Furthermore, an efficient screening and monitoring will also be needed in order to have better evaluatio n of the adapted practices that whether they are effective in controlling and minimizing the unfortunate impact of climate change. 1.3 The rise in temperature, unpredicted rainfall coupled with the increase intensity of extreme events such as drought and stress all have significant impact on the wheat industry in Pakistan. High Rainfall results in flood, waterlogged condition and hail damage that negatively affect the wheat production. As a consequence, infestation of insect, pest and diseases outbreaks and result in severe damage and in some cases even complete crop loss. Similarly, increase in temperature also negatively affects the yield of the wheat and cause major economic loss in Pakistan. As reported by Rasul et al. (2011) the rise in temperature greatly reduced the wheat yield in Pakistan particularly at sowing time and grain filling period. Furthermore, Rawson and Macpherson (2000) also reported that wheat crop destroyed faster in waterlogged conditions and as a consequence seedlings of wheat die within two days and thus resulted in low yield. Apart from the low yield other identified impact of climate change on wheat industry is decrease in GDP, decrease in foreign exchange, effect policy making, penalties by buyer; for unable to supply the required amount of wheat grains, difficulty in transportation, outspread of insect and pest, affect the livelihood of the farmers and as consequence disturb the economy of the country. Many potential adaption measures such as crop management practices, new varieties, crop rotation and water management are used in wheat industry in Pakistan. However, these practices need to be customized, improve or incorporated in different ways to cope with the adverse effect of climate change. 2.0 Adaptation plan Appropriate adaptation plan is required in the wheat industry to minimize and prevent the damage caused by the adverse effect of climate change and increase the production and yield of the crop. Well planned and early adaptation strategies will not only save cost of production and cultivation techniques but in long term save millions of lives that depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood and employment. The adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administration like local, regional and national. Therefore the objective of this paper is to set up an adaptation and mitigation plan for wheat industry in Pakistan to eradicate or minimize the challenges caused by high temperature, unpredicted rainfall and extreme weather condition. 2.1 Government involvement Pakistan is signatory to 15 Multilateral Environmental Agreements which is mainly related to climate change, biodiversity and rehabilitation. On the basis of its international commitments, Pakistan established a number of policies, projects and framework to reduce the environmental hazards such as National Disaster management Authority, Global Change Impact Study Centre and Task Force on Climate Change. However, the country is still in the hunt for further international assistance and support (khan et al. 2013). The government of Pakistan together with all the agencies involved should focus on capacity building, circulation of funds and technology, research for agriculture development, institution and framework and therefore, develop effective adaptation strategies and policies to reduce the vulnerability of wheat industry regarding changes in climate. 2.2New breeding program 2.2.1As describe earlier, temperature and rainfall both has devastating effect on wheat grain yield in Pakistan. Successful and productive plant breeding program is needed to be adapted to enhance the production and yield. The temperature is projected to increase in the northern areas of Pakistan coupled with high rainfall, in such area slow maturing cultivars having greater heat requirement should be planted that have positive effect on the photosynthetic activity of wheat. However, the region with the high temperature and decrease rainfall (arid and semi arid plains of Pakistan) the wheat cultivars having early flowering characteristics with wide row spacing should be sown as this will allow grain formation in cooler part of the year (Van Ittersum et al. 2003). Moreover, seed with good crop establishment, early hybrid vigour, responsive to increase in carbon dioxide concentration and ability to retain flower in windy and hot climate is needed to be planted (Richards 2002). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that crop varieties resistant to high temperature and of short duration should be planted in order to minimize the adverse impact of high temperature. 2.2.2 High temperature is expected to reduce the risk of frost and increase the grain yield. Therefore, wheat should be sown earlier so that plant can set up the grain formation in the cooler period when there is low risk of frost (Howden et al. 1999). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that alternative sowing dates should be used to avoid the adverse impact of high temperature on the crop at the time of sowing or other sensitive growth stages. 2.1.3 The climate change favours the infestation of insect, pest and diseases which lowered the yield of the crop. The best measure is to use integrated pest management strategy and Area Wide Management that is the coordination of the farmers and the policy makers of the entire areas. Furthermore, the use of genetically modified crop resistant to peat and disease should be introduced and cultural practices need to be modified such as mixed cropping and crop rotation to reduce the spread of disease (Stokes Howden 2008).Pakistan Agricultural research and development sector is focusing on all these strategies and development of new varieties of wheat to reduce the risk of climate change. 2.3Crop rotation and management Various crop management practices can be used to reduce the risk of the wheat crop to environmental hazards. Such as in case of heavy rainfall the growers need to adapt the zero tillage practices so as to have greater infiltration. Avoid compaction of the soil by farm, machines, human and livestock traffic (Easterling et al, 2007). However, in poor rainfall areas of Pakistan wide rows and skip row planting should be practiced to increase the yield and stability of the wheat. Hammer et al. (1996) reported that the timing, variety of the crop and rate of fertilizer application should be based on the seasonal rainfall and available soil moisture and nutrient content of the soil. Furthermore, use of modern agriculture technology like laser land levelling and crop diversification should also be included into consideration. 2.4  Milling quality 2.4.1 Wheat grain contain high level of protein content such as durum wheat but increasing level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere negatively affect protein content and hence reduce its flour quality. However, the reduction depend on the choice of cultivar selected and amount of nitrogen fertiliser applied (Rogers et al, 1998). To maintain the nitrogen content of the wheat grain, increase use of leguminous crop or increase use of nitrogen fertilizer need to be adopted (Hayman and Alston 1999). The growers should continuously monitor the nitrogen content of the paddock and should be well aware of the nitrogen management in the cropping system. Furthermore, nitrogen leaching, poor crop vigour, high rainfall during grain filling all contribute to decrease in protein content of the grain. Appropriate breeding program and effective policies is needed to enhance the quality of the harvest. 2.4.2 During the past 60 years there has been tremendous increase in flour mills in Pakistan. Starting with 19 flour mills, currently, 915 mills are working in Pakistan. It is therefore proposed that instead of having too many flour mills, only few huge mills should be accomplished which will positively affect the economy of the country. 2.5land and Water resource Management 2.5.1 Water is enormously important for agriculture sector of Pakistan and it economy, which depends on the scarce natural resources. The agricultural sector of Pakistan mainly depends on Indus river system (IRS) for 90% of its irrigation (Piracha and Majeed 2011). However, this natural resource is getting scarce with the time and proper water management practices should be reformed under the prevalence of climate change. According to Sayed (2008), the National Water Policy of the country has made a transparent and rational institutional framework policy to meet the demands of the twenty first century. Moreover, the Integrated Water Management Approach is also implemented based that is based on the utilization of both surface and ground water. The author also mentions that reallocation of water at the provincial level by balancing water availability to cropping system is one of the important task of the National Water Policy. Furthermore, according to Iqbal et al. (2009) present irri gation system of Pakistan need be customised to maximise the water use efficiency and appropriate irrigation technology should be used. Furthermore, the author also mentions that alteration in row spacing and the use of drought tolerant varieties need to be used to minimize the loss of water. The construction of small dams and checks on the Indus River and its tributaries would increase storage of water and decrease the severity of floods. 2.5.2  The unpredicted rainfall, rise in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration negative affect the composition of soil. The loss of nutrient such is phosphorus and nitrogen through surface runoff and leaching negatively affect the growth of the wheat. As reported by Hayman and Alston 1999 proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be added to the paddock in order to have good crop establishment. Moreover, proper soil management practices should be adopted to minimise the risk of surface runoff and leaching. 2.6  Transport infrastructure Hike in temperature as well as increase intensity and frequency of extreme events such as heavy rain, snowfall and flood have substantial impact on the transport infrastructure of Pakistan and cause severe destruction of railways, roads, shipping and airports. Effective adaptation measures should be taken to increase the resilience of infrastructure and this could be done by two ways. The first one is to construct the new infrastructure according to the magnitude and sensitivity of the particular area to the present and future predicted climate. Secondly the existing infrastructure should be made more resistant to changing climate by retrofitting and continues monitoring and maintenance. 2.7  Seasonal weather forecast As reported by Iqbal et al. (2009) the advance seasonal forecast is one of the best options to take appropriate adaptive measures. Furthermore, Crimp et al. (2006) also elaborated that â€Å"using climate information (seasonal forecast) in conjunction with system analysis producer can significantly reduce various risks†. On the basis of weather forecast, farmers need to adopt different operations. Such as if forecast is about the drier weather the farmers need to apply split application of some of nitrogen fertilizer to ensure good planting, and also maximize no till area. But if the forecast is about wetter season then farmers should sow the wheat earlier and apply fungicide to minimize the effect of leaf disease of wheat (Meinke and Hochman, 2000). 2.8  Disaster risk reduction Unpredicted pattern of monsoon rain and melting of glacier due to rise in temperature increase the level of water in the Indus Delta of Pakistan and subsequently these phenomena result in flooding. Effective strategic plan is required to maintain the continuous and balance water flow in the river and to meet the future demands of the society. As reported by sheikh et al. (2008) expansion of the natural reservoir capacity is needed in order to decrease the risk of flooding and drought and to address the consequent decrease in the river flow after all glacier have been melted. Moreover, the authors also mention that the reservoir should also be expanded in order provide the minimum water flow to the sea to prevent the intrusion of the water into the Indus delta region and to meet the future needs of the water. 2.9  Economy and Financial institution 2.9.1 As stated earlier, Pakistan economy largely depends on agriculture sector and wheat is the main staple crop of the country. The decrease in yield and quality of wheat has negative impact on the economy of Pakistan. In order to minimise the burden on the economy of Pakistan, development of new policies and appropriate measures to be implemented that could help in eradicating the hazards and catching the positive effects of climate. 2.9.2 Loan policies of financial institution can greatly limit the option for the growers to adjust farm management practices in light of change. These financial institutions may have to change their policies according to the needs of the farmer and predicted changes in the environment. Moreover, they should support and educate the farmers about onward selling and play constructive role the industry. 3.0  Barriers to adaptation strategies 3.1 Pakistan being an agriculture country is extremely vulnerable to climate change. However, Pakistan does not have the proper monitoring and screening system for the prediction of extreme events like flood, storm or changes in the climate that makes the development of short term adaptation strategies and mitigation measures immensely difficult. Although several weather station are working in different parts of the countries, but still due to the diverse topography some significant region are left uncovered (Climate Risk Adaptation Profile 2011). Moreover, the existing findings proposed that Karakorum glacier are expanding but these finding are based on the restrictive information of glacier snouts and suggest that loss of mass in Karakorum glacier reduce the quality and availability of water. As reported by to Sheik et al. (2008), there is a lack of current knowledge and evaluation techniques on the effect of climate change on the Hindu Kush region and lack of understanding and mod el assessment of glacier melting pattern and flow of water in Indus River. All these need to be address in order to have better evaluation of the problem. Moreover, the Hunza river basin has no meteorological station that severely constraint the utilization of Model River flows under climate change. References Piracha, A., and Majeed, Z. (2011). Water Use in Pakistan’s Agricultural Sector: Water Conservation under the Changed Climatic Conditions. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 1(3): 170-179. Climate Risk and Adaptation country profile. (2011). Vulnerability, risk reduction and adaptation to climate change Pakistan. Global facility for disaster reduction and recovery. Crimp S, Gaydon D, Howden M, Hall, C, Poulton P, Hochman Z. (2006) Managing Natural Resource Issues in a Variable and Changing Climate. Final Report to Land and Water Australia, Managing Climate Variability Program. pp86. Easterling, W.E., Aggarwal,P.K., Batima,P., Brander,K.M,. Erda, L., Howden, S.M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana,J.F., Schmidhuber, J., and Tubiello, F.N.(2007): Food, fibre and forest products. Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Hammer, G.L., Holzworth, D.P. and Stone, R. (1996) The value of skill in seasonal forecasting to wheat crop management in a region with high climatic variability. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47: 717-737. Howden, S.M., Reyenga, P.J., and Meinke, H. (1999) Global Change Impacts on Australian Wheat Cropping. Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office. CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology Working Paper 99/04, Canberra, pp121. IPCC (2007): Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Iqbal, M.M., Arif, Goherr, M. A., and Khan, A. M. (2009). Climate-change aspersions on food security of Pakistan. A scientific journal of COMSATS – SCIENCE VISION. Vol.15 (1). Khan, F., Ahmad, A, and Atta-ur-Rehman. (2013). Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) in Pakistan. Appraisal and Design Phase Report. Meinke, H. and Hochman, Z. 2000. Using seasonal climate forecasts to manage dryland crops in northern Australia. In: Hammer, G.L., Nicholls, N., Mitchell C. (eds.) Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agriculture and natural ecosystems: The Australian experience. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 149-165. Rasul, G., Chaudhry, Q. Z., Mahmood, A., and Hyder, K. W. (2011). Effect of Temperature Rise on Crop Growth Productivity. pakistan journal of meteorology, 8 (15). Rawson, H. M., and Macpherson, H. G. (2000). Irrigated Wheat: Managing Your Crop. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp 27-28. Rogers,G.S., Gras P.W., Batey I.L., Milham P.J., Payne, L., and Conroy, J.P. (1998) The influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration on the protein, starch and mixing properties of wheat flour. Aust J Plant Physiology 25:387-393. Richards, R.A. (2002). Current and emerging environmental challenges in Australian agriculture- the role of plant breeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 881-892. Sheikh, M. M., Iqbal, M. M., Ali, G., and Khan, A. M. (2008). Global warming in the context of Pakistan: major concerns and remedial strategies. Symposium on â€Å"Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan†. Stokes, C.J., and Howden, S.M. (2008). An overview of climate change adaptation in Australian primary industries – impacts, options and priorities. Report prepared for the National Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries. Sayed, A.H. (2008). Climate change and its realities for Pakistan. Manager Policy, Freshwater World Wide Fund for Nature, Pakistan. Symposium on â€Å"Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan†. van Ittersum, M.K., Howden, S.M., Asseng, S. (2003) Sensitivity of productivity and deep drainage of wheat cropping systems in a Mediterranean environment to changes in CO2, temperature and precipitation, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 97:255-273.

Comparison of Book and Movie of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Comparison of Book and Movie of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest is a book written by Ken Kesey to accomplish a certain mood within it's chapters.   The feelings and moods given in the book differ greatly from those in the movie because of multiple changes in character development.   Each and every time a movie is produced from a book, the producers are forced to change parts of the story in order to suit the audiences needs for a faster paced plot.   It is impossible to capture every mood or setting which the author creates.   What is lost can sometimes be the real meaning behind the story.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characterization of chief Bromden is a good example of the changes made from book to movie.   His past is a vital piece of information contributing to the mood and understanding of the story.   In the movie, Bromden is nothing more than a crazy Indian who doesn't want to talk so pretends to be deaf and dumb.   Much of the understanding and respect is lost in the transition between book and movie.   In the book, Bromden has flashbacks to his childhood, lighting on significant points in his childhood.   His background is never even brushed upon in the movie.   Of course it would have been nearly impossible to tell of Bromdens life in a movie, much less show the world from his point of view as in the book. Bromden is still a very interesting character but the real puzzle to his problems is lost.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McMurphy is a very sly, cunning man.   He knows how to play his game and does it well.   In the book as McMurphy progresses, he goes through many stages where he is rebellious, then docile, then rebellious again.   This is due to the fact that he learns exactly what it means to be committed and what it takes to be released.   Then he begins to see that all his ward mates (I don't know what you want to call them) are counting on him so he becomes rebellious again.   These reactions to his environments encourage McMurphy to be not crazy but intelligent and quick.   This is exactly the way a character such as McMurphy should act.

Disparity and Discrimination

Criminal Justice System has long been established in order to guide all law enforcers and legal officers in the implementation of laws and order in achieving justice. The law provides for strict prohibition of any signs of unfairness. However, the system is faced with issues of disparity and discrimination that continues to cast doubt as to the implementation of the law. Disparity refers to the â€Å"idea that individuals who commit the same or similar offenses receive different punishment† (Justice Works, 2008).Discrimination, on the other hand, refers to the â€Å"act of singling out a certain individual or group fro unfair treatment based on race, class, gender, or status† (Calderon). In criminal justice system, both disparity and discrimination are illegal. While disparity may not be intentional it is always unacceptable in the system. Discrimination, on the other hand, is always done intentionally.In addition, disparity is concern with the differences in outcome wh ile discrimination deals with equal treatment (Gelsthorpe and Padfield, 2003, p. 4). In criminal justice, disparity has been apparent in the juvenile proceedings. According to research, more juvenile minorities have been detained in public secure facilities while whites were housed in private secure facilities (Snyder and Sickmund, 1995). In addition, discrimination is also prevalent because of different treatment afforded to blacks and whites.Disparity usually occurs when more blacks were detained than whites who had committed same crime. Discrimination, on the other hand, occurs when detention of black was based on his race. In avoiding disparity, it is necessary that the legal factors such as seriousness of the crime and criminal history should be considered in the decision making (Calderon). Discrimination may also be avoided by implementing the law equally. References Calderon, M. (04 September 2006). AnairHoads. Org. Disparity and Discrimination. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.anairhoads.org/calderon/disdisc.shtml Gelsthorpe, L. and Padfield, N. (2003). Exercising Discretion: Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System and Beyond. Willan Publishing. Justice Works. (2008). Analysis of Racism in the Criminal Justice System. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.justiceworks.info/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=41&MMN_position=54:4 Snyder, H. N., and Sickmund, M. (1995). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report. Washington, D.C.: DIANE Publishing.

Free Essays on A Modern, Brave New World

A Modern, Brave New World To predict the future of a society can be an impossible feat, however Huxley’s Brave New World and his insightful predictions of the future are astonishingly accurate in several areas of our own society; his predictions in regards to sex: promiscuity, the teaching and aiding the use of birth-control methods show significant similarity in today’s society. Scientific advances in Brave New World slightly bear a resemblance to many of our recently newfound discoveries. The characters in Brave New World have an intense obsession with beauty and youthful appearance that closely resemble our modern perspective on the human form. Religion of today is also slowly starting to resemble The Brave New World vision of doctrine. On the other hand, Huxley’s prediction of parenting is very off from today’s parental values and expectations. In Huxley’s Brave New World the people treat sex as a form of hedonistic pleasure and entertainment, rather than a way of showing love or for means of reproduction. Most forms of entertainment in Brave New World somehow relate to sex (Sykes). For example, the feelies are pornographic movies with a more advanced plot line and the added bonus of experiencing the same things as the actors on the screen (Sykes). In Brave New World, a person would take a â€Å"first-date† to a feelie, then afterward go somewhere to engage in sexual activity. The government encourages sex and promiscuity among its citizens; if a person is not promiscuous they are seen as an outsider. To be monogamous is frowned upon tremendously, and to have a long term relationship is questioning the government and his â€Å"Fordship.† In today’s society sex is discussed more freely than it has ever been in the past. Today sex is shown in all forms of media: from magazines, television, movies, and the Internet. The pornographic industry is one of the countries leading enterprises. Many outside corporati... Free Essays on A Modern, Brave New World Free Essays on A Modern, Brave New World A Modern, Brave New World To predict the future of a society can be an impossible feat, however Huxley’s Brave New World and his insightful predictions of the future are astonishingly accurate in several areas of our own society; his predictions in regards to sex: promiscuity, the teaching and aiding the use of birth-control methods show significant similarity in today’s society. Scientific advances in Brave New World slightly bear a resemblance to many of our recently newfound discoveries. The characters in Brave New World have an intense obsession with beauty and youthful appearance that closely resemble our modern perspective on the human form. Religion of today is also slowly starting to resemble The Brave New World vision of doctrine. On the other hand, Huxley’s prediction of parenting is very off from today’s parental values and expectations. In Huxley’s Brave New World the people treat sex as a form of hedonistic pleasure and entertainment, rather than a way of showing love or for means of reproduction. Most forms of entertainment in Brave New World somehow relate to sex (Sykes). For example, the feelies are pornographic movies with a more advanced plot line and the added bonus of experiencing the same things as the actors on the screen (Sykes). In Brave New World, a person would take a â€Å"first-date† to a feelie, then afterward go somewhere to engage in sexual activity. The government encourages sex and promiscuity among its citizens; if a person is not promiscuous they are seen as an outsider. To be monogamous is frowned upon tremendously, and to have a long term relationship is questioning the government and his â€Å"Fordship.† In today’s society sex is discussed more freely than it has ever been in the past. Today sex is shown in all forms of media: from magazines, television, movies, and the Internet. The pornographic industry is one of the countries leading enterprises. Many outside corporati...

Free Essays on Emily Bronte

Emily Bronte was born on July 30, 1818 on Thornton at Bradford, her father’s parsonage. The Bronte family moved to a remote region of northern England called Haworth. Since this was such a tiny Yorkshire village, many people referred to it as the â€Å"moors.† The moor life was very blunt, and the lifestyle was considered to be â€Å"too coarse.† Bronte was the fifth of six children, and the oldest, Elizabeth, was only four years older than she was. Bronte had four sisters and one brother, and because they were close in age, they had close relationships. Mrs. Bronte died when Emily was only three years old. She was left to be cared for by her two eldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, and her eccentric father. As if the death of Emily’s mother wasn’t enough, her two eldest sisters later died of typhus fever. Since Emily and her remaining siblings were too young to provide for the family, Emily’s aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, moved in to be their caregiver and guardian. The children were not fond of their extremely religious aunt; therefore their father hired a servant, Tabitha Akryroryd, to be the â€Å"mother figure† in their home. In Wuthering Heights Tabitha was comparable to the character of Nelly Dean, for she provided the Bronte children with love and security that neither their aunt nor mother had been able to give. Emily Bronte’s literary influence came directly from her father Patrick. He taught his children to think unconventionally and to question everything that was put before them. He instilled love of literature and intellectual passion while other children were learning religion, ethics, and etiquette. Furthermore, Patrick Bronte was one of the founding members of an important library known as Keighley Institute. This allowed his children free access to vast selections of books in history, art, biography, and poetry. When Emily’s older sisters went away to school, Emily and her younger sister Anne began... Free Essays on Emily Bronte Free Essays on Emily Bronte Emily Bronte was born on July 30, 1818 on Thornton at Bradford, her father’s parsonage. The Bronte family moved to a remote region of northern England called Haworth. Since this was such a tiny Yorkshire village, many people referred to it as the â€Å"moors.† The moor life was very blunt, and the lifestyle was considered to be â€Å"too coarse.† Bronte was the fifth of six children, and the oldest, Elizabeth, was only four years older than she was. Bronte had four sisters and one brother, and because they were close in age, they had close relationships. Mrs. Bronte died when Emily was only three years old. She was left to be cared for by her two eldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, and her eccentric father. As if the death of Emily’s mother wasn’t enough, her two eldest sisters later died of typhus fever. Since Emily and her remaining siblings were too young to provide for the family, Emily’s aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, moved in to be their caregiver and guardian. The children were not fond of their extremely religious aunt; therefore their father hired a servant, Tabitha Akryroryd, to be the â€Å"mother figure† in their home. In Wuthering Heights Tabitha was comparable to the character of Nelly Dean, for she provided the Bronte children with love and security that neither their aunt nor mother had been able to give. Emily Bronte’s literary influence came directly from her father Patrick. He taught his children to think unconventionally and to question everything that was put before them. He instilled love of literature and intellectual passion while other children were learning religion, ethics, and etiquette. Furthermore, Patrick Bronte was one of the founding members of an important library known as Keighley Institute. This allowed his children free access to vast selections of books in history, art, biography, and poetry. When Emily’s older sisters went away to school, Emily and her younger sister Anne began...

Rodney King Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rodney King - Research Paper Example It will also review whether the attack was a case of police brutality, racial discrimination etc or on the other hand whether it was a justified action on the part of the law enforcement officials of the City. Relevant statistical data will also be given that justifies either of the stands or viewpoints given above. The Unfolding of the King Story and its Aftermath It could be said that the incident sparked off indignation and disbelief followed by forms of illegal retribution from the minority community in the city. â€Å"On March 03 1991, a bystander videotaped Rodney King, an African-American resident of Los Angeles, being beaten up by four White officers of the Los Angeles Police Department, who used a sten gun on King and repeatedly kicked him and hit him with batons† (Sigelman et al, 777, 1997). The article goes on to explain the (initial) feelings of various individuals who expressed indignation regarding the action of the LA police department. The amateur video segment does show King being overpowered and eventually being brutalized by a superior force, the officers of the City Police Department. ... exited at the Sunland Boulevard off ramp and returned to the freeway to chase the speeding car at speeds of up to 117 miles per hour.   King ignored the flashing lights and sped off an exit ramp.   He ran a red light, nearly causing an accident, before finally coming to a stop near the entrance to Hansen Dam Park, at the intersection of Osborne Street and Foothill Boulevard.   Within seconds, three Los Angeles police cars and a police helicopter arrived at the scene† (Linder 2001). King apparently stopped at a busy neighborhood so that there were possible witnesses as to what would happen to him after his imminent stoppage and possible arrest by the police. But what happened was a scene of brutality that was beyond the any civilized action by a law enforcement agency considering the crime King committed, namely driving under influence (DUI), probation restrictions, exceeding speed limits, and avoiding police action. The cornered car contained three occupants including Kin g. Two of the occupants complied with police demands to lie down on the ground and King did not apparently did not do likewise. The four officers (out of other police personnel) involved brutally attacked an apparently unarmed King. The amateur video taken by George Holliday showed an instance of how police personnel tackle a person accused of breaking the law. King was repeatedly beaten with batons and kicked by the officers involved. It was always reported that other law enforcement officials of the LA police department were silent or passive witnesses to the incident. King was repeatedly beaten and sometimes kicked by the law enforcement officials without any apparent aggressive act by the former. â€Å"Mr. King at first said to have only 'cuts and bruises' received while resisting arrest had his

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Reading response - Essay Example The amazing thing is that most of the ideas extended by the original work and its critics are in the nature of fictitious blames and lack any substantial material to base them on. The article also shows how the nation has a long standing history of being scared of minorities and diversity. It was not without a reason that the book, The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk won an avid readership, not only in her days, but even today. The irony that the American masses do have a history of being afraid of the foreign and the different does ensue from this article. The writer in a way does succeed in bringing out the fact that the work The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk did intend to present the Catholic Church as a symbol of evil and it strongly intended to present the Catholic priesthood as embodiment of carnal pleasures and immorality. The author brings out the fact that Maria Monks never resided in a Catholic convent and that her mental capacities and morality were never beyond doubt. There is other side of the coin also. It is obvious that the writer Ruth Hughes is a Catholic and intends to unravel the lying and falsehood resorted to by Maria Monks and her supporters, to debase and vilify the Catholic Church. However, while doing so, Hughes did fail many times to show the kindness, compassion and forgiveness that so typically define the Catholic faith. Instead one is resorting to the kind of aggressive and base tactics that were resorted to by one’s opponents. Ruth Hughes is trying to do away with the accusation made by Maria Monks and her supporters by vilifying their character and sense of morality and ethics. It would have been much saner if Hughes had come down on this vilification of the Catholic by taking a higher ground. This would have presented one’s faith to the readers in a more favorable and benign light and would have brought out the irresponsible